Writing systems
Japanese is unique among major languages in using three distinct writing systems simultaneously: hiragana, katakana, and kanji. This might seem overwhelming, but each system has a clear purpose. Hiragana and katakana are phonetic (each symbol represents a sound), while kanji are logographic (each character represents a meaning). A typical Japanese sentence mixes all three. Learning hiragana first is essential — it's the foundation of Japanese literacy.
Overview
Understanding when each system is used makes Japanese text much less intimidating. Modern Japanese also incorporates romaji (Latin letters) for acronyms, foreign names, and stylistic effect:
| System | Characters | Used for |
|---|---|---|
| Hiragana | 46 | Native words, grammar |
| Katakana | 46 | Foreign words, emphasis |
| Kanji | ~2,000 common | Meaning-based characters |
Hiragana
The foundation of Japanese writing. Each character represents a syllable.
Basic hiragana
| a | i | u | e | o | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | あ | い | う | え | お |
| k | か | き | く | け | こ |
| s | さ | し | す | せ | そ |
| t | た | ち | つ | て | と |
| n | な | に | ぬ | ね | の |
| h | は | ひ | ふ | へ | ほ |
| m | ま | み | む | め | も |
| y | や | ゆ | よ | ||
| r | ら | り | る | れ | ろ |
| w | わ | を | |||
| n | ん |
Modified sounds (dakuten/handakuten)
| Base | + " | + ° |
|---|---|---|
| か ka | が ga | |
| さ sa | ざ za | |
| た ta | だ da | |
| は ha | ば ba | ぱ pa |
Katakana
Same sounds as hiragana, different shapes. Used for foreign words:
| a | i | u | e | o | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | ア | イ | ウ | エ | オ |
| k | カ | キ | ク | ケ | コ |
| s | サ | シ | ス | セ | ソ |
| t | タ | チ | ツ | テ | ト |
| n | ナ | ニ | ヌ | ネ | ノ |
| h | ハ | ヒ | フ | ヘ | ホ |
| m | マ | ミ | ム | メ | モ |
Examples:
- コーヒー (kōhī) — coffee
- テレビ (terebi) — television
- コンピューター (konpyūtā) — computer
Kanji
Chinese characters adapted for Japanese. Each kanji has:
- On'yomi — Chinese-derived reading
- Kun'yomi — Native Japanese reading
| Kanji | Meaning | On'yomi | Kun'yomi |
|---|---|---|---|
| 山 | mountain | san | yama |
| 水 | water | sui | mizu |
| 日 | sun/day | nichi, jitsu | hi, ka |
| 人 | person | jin, nin | hito |
| 大 | big | dai, tai | ō(kii) |
How many to learn?
- Hiragana/Katakana: Learn first (1–2 weeks each)
- Joyo kanji: 2,136 characters (standard literacy)
- JLPT N5: ~100 kanji (beginner)
- JLPT N1: ~2,000 kanji (advanced)
Romanization (Romaji)
Romaji uses Latin letters to write Japanese. Useful for beginners, but don't rely on it.
Pronunciation:
- Vowels: a (ah), i (ee), u (oo), e (eh), o (oh)
- Consonants mostly like English
- Double vowels are held longer: おばあさん (obaasan)
- Small っ creates a pause: きって (kitte)